796 research outputs found
Composition of Password-based Protocols
International audienceFormal and symbolic techniques are extremely useful for modelling and analysing security protocols. They have helped to improve our understanding of such protocols, allowed us to discover aws, and they also provide support for protocol design. However, such analyses usually consider that the protocol is executed in isolation or assume a bounded number of protocol sessions. Hence, no security guarantee is provided when the protocol is executed in a more complex environment.\par In this paper, we study whether password protocols can be safely composed, even when a same password is reused. More precisely, we present a transformation which maps a password protocol that is secure for a single protocol session (a decidable problem) to a protocol that is secure for an unbounded number of sessions. Our result provides an effective strategy to design secure password protocols: (i) design a protocol intended to be secure for one protocol session; (ii) apply our transformation and obtain a protocol which is secure for an unbounded number of sessions. Our technique also applies to compose different password protocols allowing us to obtain both inter-protocol and inter-session composition
A Deep Search for Prompt Radio Emission from Thermonuclear Supernovae with the Very Large Array
Searches for circumstellar material around Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are
one of the most powerful tests of the nature of SN Ia progenitors, and radio
observations provide a particularly sensitive probe of this material. Here we
report radio observations for SNe Ia and their lower-luminosity thermonuclear
cousins. We present the largest, most sensitive, and spectroscopically diverse
study of prompt (delta t <~ 1 yr) radio observations of 85 thermonuclear SNe,
including 25 obtained by our team with the unprecedented depth of the Karl G.
Jansky Very Large Array. With these observations, SN 2012cg joins SN 2011fe and
SN 2014J as a SN Ia with remarkably deep radio limits and excellent temporal
coverage (six epochs, spanning 5--216 days after explosion, yielding Mdot/v_w
<~ 5 x 10^-9 M_sun/yr / (100 km/s), assuming epsilon_B = 0.1 and epsilon_e =
0.1).
All observations yield non-detections, placing strong constraints on the
presence of circumstellar material. We present analytical models for the
temporal and spectral evolution of prompt radio emission from thermonuclear SNe
as expected from interaction with either wind-stratified or uniform density
media. These models allow us to constrain the progenitor mass loss rates, with
limits ranging from Mdot <~ 10^-9--10^-4 M_sun/yr, assuming a wind velocity
v_w=100 km/s. We compare our radio constraints with measurements of Galactic
symbiotic binaries to conclude that <~10% of thermonuclear SNe have red giant
companions.Comment: Submitted to Ap
Application of the anatomical fiducials framework to a clinical dataset of patients with Parkinsonâs disease
Establishing spatial correspondence between subject and template images is necessary in neuroimaging research and clinical applications such as brain mapping and stereotactic neurosurgery. Our anatomical fiducial (AFID) framework has recently been validated to serve as a quantitative measure of image registration based on salient anatomical features. In this study, we sought to apply the AFIDs protocol to the clinic, focusing on structural magnetic resonance images obtained from patients with Parkinsonâs disease (PD). We confirmed AFIDs could be placed to millimetric accuracy in the PD dataset with results comparable to those in normal control subjects. We evaluated subject-to-template registration using this framework by aligning the clinical scans to standard template space using a robust open preprocessing workflow. We found that registration errors measured using AFIDs were higher than previously reported, suggesting the need for optimization of image processing pipelines for clinical grade datasets. Finally, we examined the utility of using point-to-point distances between AFIDs as a morphometric biomarker of PD, finding evidence of reduced distances between AFIDs that circumscribe regions known to be affected in PD including the substantia nigra. Overall, we provide evidence that AFIDs can be successfully applied in a clinical setting and utilized to provide localized and quantitative measures of registration error. AFIDs provide clinicians and researchers with a common, open framework for quality control and validation of spatial correspondence and the location of anatomical structures, facilitating aggregation of imaging datasets and comparisons between various neurological conditions
High Density Circumstellar Interaction in the Luminous Type IIn SN 2010jl: The first 1100 days
HST and ground based observations of the Type IIn SN 2010jl are analyzed,
including photometry, spectroscopy in the ultraviolet, optical and NIR bands,
26-1128 days after first detection. At maximum the bolometric luminosity was
erg/s and even at 850 days exceeds erg/s. A NIR
excess, dominating after 400 days, probably originates in dust in the
circumstellar medium (CSM). The total radiated energy is
ergs, excluding the dust component. The spectral lines can be separated into
one broad component due to electron scattering, and one narrow with expansion
velocity km/s from the CSM. The broad component is initially
symmetric around zero velocity but becomes blueshifted after days,
while remaining symmetric about a shifted centroid velocity. Dust absorption in
the ejecta is unlikely to explain the line shifts, and we attribute the shift
instead to acceleration by the SN radiation. From the optical lines and the
X-ray and dust properties, there is strong evidence for large scale asymmetries
in the CSM. The ultraviolet lines indicate CNO processing in the progenitor,
while the optical shows a number of narrow coronal lines excited by the X-rays.
The bolometric light curve is consistent with a radiative shock in an
CSM with a mass loss rate of M_sun/yr. The total mass lost is
M_sun. These properties are consistent with the SN expanding into a CSM
characteristic of an LBV progenitor with a bipolar geometry. The apparent
absence of nuclear processing is attributed to a CSM still opaque to electron
scattering.Comment: ApJ in press. Updated and changed after referees comment
Type IIb Supernova SN 2011dh: Spectra and Photometry from the Ultraviolet to the Near-Infrared
We report spectroscopic and photometric observations of the Type IIb SN
2011dh obtained between 4 and 34 days after the estimated date of explosion
(May 31.5 UT). The data cover a wide wavelength range from 2,000 Angstroms in
the UV to 2.4 microns in the NIR. Optical spectra provide line profiles and
velocity measurements of HI, HeI, CaII and FeII that trace the composition and
kinematics of the SN. NIR spectra show that helium is present in the atmosphere
as early as 11 days after the explosion. A UV spectrum obtained with the STIS
reveals that the UV flux for SN 2011dh is low compared to other SN IIb. The HI
and HeI velocities in SN 2011dh are separated by about 4,000 km/s at all
phases. We estimate that the H-shell of SN 2011dh is about 8 times less massive
than the shell of SN 1993J and about 3 times more massive than the shell of SN
2008ax. Light curves (LC) for twelve passbands are presented. The maximum
bolometric luminosity of erg s occurred
about 22 days after the explosion. NIR emission provides more than 30% of the
total bolometric flux at the beginning of our observations and increases to
nearly 50% of the total by day 34. The UV produces 16% of the total flux on day
4, 5% on day 9 and 1% on day 34. We compare the bolometric light curves of SN
2011dh, SN 2008ax and SN 1993J. The LC are very different for the first twelve
days after the explosions but all three SN IIb display similar peak
luminosities, times of peak, decline rates and colors after maximum. This
suggests that the progenitors of these SN IIb may have had similar compositions
and masses but they exploded inside hydrogen shells that that have a wide range
of masses. The detailed observations presented here will help evaluate
theoretical models for this supernova and lead to a better understanding of SN
IIb.Comment: 23 pages, 14 figures, 9 tables, accepted by Ap
Optimistic Non-repudiation Protocol Analysis
The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com ; ISBN 978-3-540-72353-0 (Pring) 0302-9743 (Online) 1611-3349International audienceNon-repudiation protocols with session labels have a number of vulnerabilities. Recently Cederquist, Corin and Dashti have proposed an optimistic non-repudiation protocol that avoids altogether the use of session labels. We have specified and analysed this protocol using an extended version of the AVISPA Tool and one important fault has been discovered. We describe the protocol, the analysis method, show two attack traces that exploit the fault and propose a correction to the protocol
Cosmic ray driven outflows from high redshift galaxies
We study winds in high redshift galaxies driven by a relativistic cosmic ray
(proton) component in addition to the hot thermal gas component. Cosmic rays
(CRs) are likely to be efficiently generated in supernova shocks inside
galaxies. We obtain solutions of such CR driven free winds in a gravitational
potential of the NFW form, relevant to galaxies. Cosmic rays naturally provide
the extra energy and/or momentum input to the system, needed for a transonic
wind solution in a gas with adiabatic index . We show that CRs can
effectively drive winds even when the thermal energy of the gas is lost due to
radiative cooling. These wind solutions predict an asymptotic wind speed
closely related to the circular velocity of the galaxy. Furthermore, the mass
outflow rate per unit star formation rate (eta_w) is predicted to be ~ 0.2-0.5
for massive galaxies, with masses . We show
eta_w to be inversely proportional to the square of the circular velocity.
Magnetic fields at the G levels are also required in these galaxies to
have a significant mass loss. A large eta_w for small mass galaxies implies
that CR driven outflows could provide a strong negative feedback to the star
formation in dwarf galaxies. Further, our results will also have important
implications to the metal enrichment of the IGM. These conclusions are
applicable to the class of free wind models where the source region is confined
to be within the sonic point.Comment: Now accepted for publication in MNRAS, Change in the "Discussion and
conclusions" sectio
Observed Fractions of Core-Collapse Supernova Types and Initial Masses of their Single and Binary Progenitor Stars
We analyse observed fractions of core-collapse SN types from the Lick
Observatory SN Search, and we discuss corresponding implications for massive
star evolution. For a standard IMF, observed fractions of SN types cannot be
reconciled with expectations of single-star evolution. The mass range of WR
stars that shed their H envelopes via their own mass loss accounts for less
than half the observed fraction of SNeIbc. Progenitors of SNeIbc must extend to
a much lower range of initial masses than classical WR stars, and we argue that
most SNIbc and SNIIb progenitors must arise from binary Roche-lobe overflow.
SNeIc still trace higher mass and metallicity, because line-driven winds in the
WR stage remove the He layer and propel the transition from SNIb to Ic. Less
massive progenitors of SNeIb and IIb may not be classical WR stars; they may be
underluminous with weak winds, possibly hidden by overluminous mass-gainer
companions that appear as B[e] supergiants or related objects having aspherical
circumstellar material. The remaining SN types (II-P, II-L, and IIn) are
redistributed across the full range of initial mass. We consider direct
collapse to black holes without visible SNe, but find this problematic. Major
areas of remaining uncertainty are (1) the influence of binary separation,
rotation, and metallicity, (2) mass differences in progenitors of SNeIIn
compared to SNeII-L and II-P, and (3) SNeIc arising from single stars with
eruptive mass loss, its dependence on metallicity, and how it relates to
diversity within the SNIc subclass. (abridged)Comment: MNRAS accepted, 18 pages, 8 Figures, 1 color figur
Nearby Supernova Rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. II. The Observed Luminosity Functions and Fractions of Supernovae in a Complete Sample
This is the second paper of a series in which we present new measurements of
the observed rates of supernovae (SNe) in the local Universe, determined from
the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS). In this paper, a complete SN
sample is constructed, and the observed (uncorrected for host-galaxy
extinction) luminosity functions (LFs) of SNe are derived. These LFs solve two
issues that have plagued previous rate calculations for nearby SNe: the
luminosity distribution of SNe and the host-galaxy extinction. We select a
volume-limited sample of 175 SNe, collect photometry for every object, and fit
a family of light curves to constrain the peak magnitudes and light-curve
shapes. The volume-limited LFs show that they are not well represented by a
Gaussian distribution. There are notable differences in the LFs for galaxies of
different Hubble types (especially for SNe Ia). We derive the observed
fractions for the different subclasses in a complete SN sample, and find
significant fractions of SNe II-L (10%), IIb (12%), and IIn (9%) in the SN II
sample. Furthermore, we derive the LFs and the observed fractions of different
SN subclasses in a magnitude-limited survey with different observation
intervals, and find that the LFs are enhanced at the high-luminosity end and
appear more "standard" with smaller scatter, and that the LFs and fractions of
SNe do not change significantly when the observation interval is shorter than
10 days. We also discuss the LFs in different galaxy sizes and inclinations,
and for different SN subclasses. Some notable results are ... (abridged).Comment: Minor revisions after the referee's report. MNRAS accepted (Paper II
of a series). For high-res figures, latex source, landscape tables, and
online data, please visit http://astro.berkeley.edu/~weidong/rate
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